What Is Oppositional Defiant Disorder

What Is Oppositional Defiant Disorder Theories Behavioral Psychology Print Oppositional Defiant Disorder in Children By Ann Logsdon Ann Logsdon is a school psychologist specializing in helping parents and teachers support students with a range of educational and developmental disabilities.   Learn about our editorial policy Ann Logsdon Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Aron Janssen, MD on November 27, 2019 linkedin Aron Janssen, MD is board certified in child, adolescent, and adult psychiatry and is the vice chair of child and adolescent psychiatry Northwestern University.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Aron Janssen, MD Updated on February 13, 2020 skynesher/Vetta/Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a psychiatric disorder that typically emerges in childhood and can last throughout adulthood. Symptoms Children with ODD display behaviors that are challenging for parents and educators. For example, they demonstrate aggression and purposeful misbehavior. They usually have difficulty interacting appropriately with peers and adults. The frequency and severity of their behavior problems cause difficulty at home and at school. These children often suffer from learning problems related to their behavior. Being argumentative and defiant is a common problem in these children. Other common symptoms of ODD include: Low tolerance for frustrationBeing easily annoyedPurposeful irritation of othersMoodiness and unprovoked angerNoncompliance with even simple requestsNo sense of conscienceLyingCausing conflict It is important to note that these symptoms occur in multiple domains and not just at home. Many children engage in oppositional behaviors with their parents but not in any other environment. Children with ODD display these behaviors in multiple domains. Children with persistent, severe symptoms may possibly have ODD and should be evaluated by a pediatric psychiatrist. It is unclear what causes ODD. However, a combination of child temperament and parents coping responses may be a factor in its development. Difficulties in family functioning may contribute as well. Managing Oppositional Defiant Disorder It is important that intervention begin as early as possible with these children. Treatment often involves counseling and therapy. Parent training in behavior management can be helpful. It will be important for the childs therapist to work closely with parents and teachers to ensure the effectiveness of a treatment program because behavior techniques that work with most children may be ineffective with children who have ODD. The Importance of a Routine Children with ODD often have a goal of annoying parents and teachers and will misbehave to provoke a negative response. It is especially important to set clear expectations rules and to apply them consistently. Having a routine can help ODD children cope with activities at home such as transitioning from dinner to homework to bedtime. Applying rules and following routines consistently and fairly are important for that reason. Forming a Positive Relationship The first step in treatment is building a positive relationship with your child. Most treatments for ODD begin with the parent engaging with the child in child-led play with the parent providing positive reinforcement and engagement. Discipline and Rewards The next step (and probably the most important) is to provide specific labeled praise and rewards for the pro-social behaviors you want to see. Treatment will often focus on one or two behavior problems, but the focus should be on reinforcing pro-social behaviors (i.e. keeping hands and feet to self, demonstrating respectful disagreements, etc.). If the child responds to behavior management systems, use stickers, tokens, or a behavior chart to show progress toward behavior goals. Allow the child to identify rewards he would like to earn. As the child demonstrates success, offer reinforcement such as spending time in a preferred activity, verbal praise, edible rewards, or items from a prize box. If the child has the tendency to do the opposite of what you want him to do, avoid giving direct praise that could result in misbehavior. For example, saying, I like the way youre keeping your hands to yourself, could provoke the child to become physically aggressive. Avoid arguing or lecturing the child, and try to keep your own temper under control. Avoid letting the child see you become angry, as this may be rewarding to her. Using a matter-of-fact tone of voice without emotion, simply state the rule that was broken and what the consequences will be. Be consistent and avoid getting into a verbal argument with the child over consequences or what happened. Allow the child to have a place to vent his frustrations. Provide a pillow to punch or to yell into. Social Interaction When the child interacts with others, make sure there is adequate supervision to ensure that rules can be enforced, and adults can help him interact appropriately. It can be helpful to have the schools counselor to work with peers to help them learn to respond appropriately to the childs behaviors. Formal social skills training can be effective in helping the child with ODD to interact with peers and adults. Can Children Recover From Oppositional Defiant Disorder? The prognosis for recovery from ODD is unclear. Some children will mature and symptoms of the disorder will subside into adulthood. Others will carry the disorder into adulthood. Meeting the complex needs of these children will require the cooperation of parents and school personnel as well as mental health professionals. A cooperative, consistent effort at home and school will improve the likelihood of a positive outcome for these children, especially when intervention begins at an early age.

Consumer Perceptions of Fast Food - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1704 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Fast food is so widely and easily available. Western consuming habits had spread world wide. American as the originator of fast food are the biggest group of consumers and on the move making alliance on quick and cheap meal. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Consumer Perceptions of Fast Food" essay for you Create order They have created a huge business for fast food companies. Across to Asian region, where mostly local food considered to be healthy but there are so many people willing to eat fast food which is considered to be more expensive and less in nutrition. It is possible that taste and trend overwhelm the bad things. Also, Marketing is the catalyst to the growth of fast food. Background The process of globalization got under way in earnest in Asia about ten years ago when fast food firstly approach to Asian market as a trendy food. As time changes, it is now blamed to be junk food to many consumers. Fast Food Company spends a fortune on advertising and they always try to create new attractive choice. However, the market seems to be saturated and it is time to find out real consumer trends. In the last few decades, Asian lifestyles have changed drastically. Basically, the Asia countries area are primary agricultural, most people lived in rural areas usually living off land and spending their day farming. Now, working life has forced people behind a desk and lack of free time. The fact that it is quicker and cheaper to get fast food on the run than prepare own meals makes fast food industry grows. Recently, the western style fast food restaurant has gained popularity among Thai customers. This can be judged from the abundance of outlets like McDonalds, KFC and Pi zza Hut, which have mushroomed all around Thailand due to the constantly changing lifestyle of people because of economic changes, social development and advanced technology, etc. these changes can be seen more obviously in big cities. Thai consumer behaviour has also changed as time has become more valuable, cooking and eating at home is not worth doing especially for working people. In 1977, Pizza Hut became the first American fast food restaurant to open a branch in Bangkok, Thailand. This was followed by a number of western style fast food restaurants such as McDonalds. The popularity of fast food restaurant has increased dramatically because of the blooming of middle income class and also because of the acculturation of Thai people. Additionally, working women have little time to cook, according to a 21-market study, including Thai, conducted by ACNielsen. ACNielsen Life Choices research 2006 was a qualitative in-depth study of a total of 84 groups of women of different soci al status young working women, women of broad middle class and mothers with children age under ten in 21 markets. The common characteristic of all of them was that they bought food and drinks out-of home (snacks, take-away and dine-out) five times a week or more. Bangkoks rapid development and traffic jams have also helped to popularize fast food. Every shopping mall seems to have fast food for customers, as well as the change in lifestyle of people likes the two-earner households are less likely to prepare evening meals at home. Having mobiles allows people more convenience to get out for quick meal by making last minute arrangement with friends. Besides, the more wage earners in the family, the fewer members prepare the food. According to the booming business western fast food style in Thailand such as McDonald, KFC, Pizza hut, etc. which are all brands that are well known as foreign fast food for consumers perception (McLean, 2007.). Fast-food restaurants have their own benefits, which their customers perceive. These perceived benefits are the primary reasons why they are patronized. Consumers rate these benefits or the values that they see in the product. Detailed information on the preferences of these consumers is revealed through representative samples of how they rate the importance of such benefits. Certainly, most people would like as many benefits as possible. However, the relative importance they attach to individual benefits can differ significantly and these can be used as effective barometers in segmenting the markets. Astute marketers have long realized that in addition to brand image, their company image can strongly influence consumers behaviour toward their enterprise and its products (Kasulis and Lusch, 1981). A companys image is the perception consumers have of its character as a result of their experience with it and their knowledge of and beliefs about it. Similarly, consumer patronage of a particular retail store can also be si gnificantly influenced by their perception of its image or personality. Store image may be defined as the way in which the store is defined in the shoppers mind, partly by its functional qualities and partly by an aura of psychological attributes (Pessemier, 1980). This definition implies that the fast-food restaurant image could be derived from the so-called functional attributes of price, convenience, and selection of menu. Variables such as architecture, interior design and advertising could influence a restaurants image as well. Therefore, consumers can develop images of fast-food restaurants regardless of whether management consciously attempts to project a specific image or not. For this reason, it is important for management to understand their image, as consumers perceive it. If the consumers criteria for selecting a particular restaurant from among other competitors can also be identified, then management can determine how the restaurant is evaluated or measured. Acco rding to Kotler (2008), positioning is the act of designing the companys offering and image so that it occupies a distinct and valued place in the target customers mind. The management of a fast-food establishment therefore, needs to describe to his customers how his store differs from current and potential competitors. Using his store attributes, he can project an image or personality that directly influences the consumer patronage of the store. It is then ultimately the consumers perception of all the competing outfits that will decide or establish the mode of direct or indirect competition among industry participants. This picture is captured in the product-market structure. It is the purpose of this study to establish the current product-market picture of the Thai fast-food industry and determine the forces that are responsible for the structural linkages. Markets consist of various buyers, and buyers differ in one or more respects. They may differ in their wants, resources, geographical locations, buying attitudes, lifestyles, and buying practices. Any of these variables can be used to segment a market. Market segmentation reveals the potential market opportunities facing the establishment. The establishment now has to evaluate the various segments and decide on which segment or segments to serve. The question of how many segments to serve can also be addressed, either to increase market share or develop niches, as a competitive strategy. The establishment, in evaluating different market segments, must look at factorssuch as segment size and growth, segment structural attractiveness, and company objectives and resources. Within each segment, the establishment needs to develop a product-positioning strategy. Food diversity in Thailand is an implicit characteristic of Thais diversified culture consisting of different regions. Traditionally, Thais like to have home-cooked meals a concept support individually. However, with times due to increasing awar eness and influence of western culture, there is a slight shift in food consumption patterns among urban Thai families. It started with eating outside and moved on to accepting a wide variety of delicacies from world-over. Liberalization of the Thai economy in the early 1990s and the subsequent entry of new players set a significant change in lifestyles and the food tastes of Thai people. Fast food is one which gained acceptance of Thai palate after the multinational fast food players adapted the basic Thai food requirements such as local adapted meals and selected options excluding beef and pork totally from their menu. Multinational fast food outlets initially faced protests and non-acceptance from Thai consumers. This was due to primary perception that these fast food players serve only hi calories meals and do not serve vegetable meals. In addition, fast food is perceived expensive besides being out-of-way meals in Thai culture. Today, fast food industry is getting adapted to Thai food requirements and is growing in Thailand. It is gaining acceptance primarily from Thai youth and younger generations and is becoming part of life. Keeping in view the Thai habits and changing preferences towards food consumption, this study has its focus to understand the factors affecting the perception of Thai consumer, towards consumption of fast food as well as towards making choice of fast food outlets. The fast food chain investors are now focusing on marketing strategy or planning for restaurants. This research tends to provide the most recent research of consumer perception and customer behaviour for fast food restaurant in Thailand. Therefore, the researcher is deeply interesting to study and emphasize of understanding customer in term of their perception and behaviour in order to develop fast food market segment, target and positioning as well as the marketing mix strategy. Statement of research question Marketing researchers have become increasingly concerned with the important of marketing mix factors (Wise and Sirohi, 2005). Mostly existing researches only performed in Asians country such as India and Philippine or china. This research which was conducted focusing on fast food restaurant in Thailand tried to find results base on the topic of consumers perception. Anyway the literature alone can not answer all the questions, so the research is needed to be done regarding the following research aims and objectives. Research aim The topic has been chosen to be done with the popularity of consumers in Thailand and to evaluate the consumers perception toward fast food. This dissertation aims to accomplish under the area of consumers perception and the factors that affecting the perceptions of consumers on fast food in Thailand and then suggests on any possible recommendation to strengthen the value of fast food with respect to the consumption pattern of consumers in Thailand. Research objectives To review the current situation for fast food industry in Thailand. To evaluate consumers perception and consumption pattern on fast food in Thailand. To critically analyse the factors affecting the perceptions of consumers on fast food in Thailand. To propose some recommendations to strengthen the value of fast food with respect to the consumption pattern of consumers in Thailand.

Costs Of The Death Penalty - 1237 Words

Costs of the Death Penalty. Death Penalty Information Center. Death Penalty Information Center, n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2016. This article evaluates studies done in states all over the U.S to show much money is spent on capital punishment. For each state, the author provides a small summary, including statistics, and then provides the link to the original article where the information derived from. Thus, giving this article authority, by citing all sources, and also accuracy because of the studied information from each original article. The article doesn’t cover every state, but the states covered are the most relevant to the topic. I will use this information to show how expensive the death penalty is and compare it to the price of prisons, since cost is one of the main questions asked about the death penalty. Death Penalty Information Center Facts about the Death Penalty. Death Penalty Information Center. Death Penalty Information Center, 7 Apr. 2016. Web. 8 Apr. 2016. This article is an array of multiple statistics in the United States for the death penalty. The authority of this source comes from the Death Penalty Information Center, which is an organization that was founded in 1990 and is dedicated to researching for the public to keep people up to date with capital punishment issues. The article is also accurate because of the citation of all the articles where the information came from. This cite is very current since it is updated daily, and was last updatedShow MoreRelatedThe Cost For A Non Death Penalty1432 Words   |  6 Pagessurrounding the death penalty. â€Å"Each execution can cost between $2.5 million and $5 million.† (Fagan 1). Compared to the millions of dollars it takes to execute a single to person to the more affordable cost of housing a prisoner of a range of $20,000-$40,000 a year; we as a society could punish these people for their crimes without killing and for less money.(Hirby 1). 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The controversy that the death penalty has caused in the United States is startling withinRead MoreDeath Penalty Essay1155 Words   |  5 PagesDeath Penalty Virtually every major program designed to address the underlying causes of violence and to support the poor, vulnerable, powerless victims of crime is being cut even further to the bone†¦ In this context, the proposition that the death penalty is a needed addition to our arsenal of weapons lacks credibility†¦ Scott Harshbarge, Attorney General of Massachusetts Across the United States, police officers are losing their jobs, prisoners are obtaining parole early, courts areRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified995 Words   |  4 PagesThe Death penalty has been a controversial topic for many years and recently the debate about it has been getting bigger and bigger to where at some point soon a decision will have to be made. Many people will disagree with the death penalty because it goes against their moral beliefs, this is thought process is seen more in the northern states. However, here in the south the death penalty is strongly believed in by most, but who is put to death and why? Did they deserve this sentence or were theyRead MoreDeath Penalty1135 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 2012 The death penalty was reinstated in the United States in 1977, and since then murderers and rapist have been executed for the violent and harsh crimes they were found guilty of committing. In the past thirty years over 1,200 prisoners have been put to death for crimes in which they were convicted. The government of each state executes these prisoners by way of the electric chair, gas chamber, and the most common way lethal injection. A survey, from the Death Penalty Information Center

Mad Shadows and the Scarlet Letter Free Essays

In the novel Mad Shadows by Marie-Claire Blais and The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, isolation was used as a major theme to sculpt and reveal the characters true identity. The behaviour of each central character towards isolation crafted their fates. The Scarlet Letter portrays the psychological effects of alienation on the characters. We will write a custom essay sample on Mad Shadows and the Scarlet Letter or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mad shadows illustrates an unprincipled world where beauty is skin only deep and love is measured by material possessions. The main character in The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne, committed adultery with the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Hester was outcast by the puritan community that deemed her a presence of evil. Hester refused to reveal the other adulterer. In doing so, Arthur Dimmesdales quietly suffered until he finally completed penance. Roger Chillingsworth whom Hester was lawfully wed to, swore to reveal her lover thus poisoning his soul with revenge. Hester wore a scarlet letter A_ _as punishment, estranging her from her community. This was to remind her and everyone of her sinful deed. She had no communication with the rest of the world either than her trips to receive and deliver embroidery orders. Hester lived in a cottage remote from the sphere of society. The dark forest provided Hester with private surroundings in which she may search for truth and escape the glare of her community, although dejected. The consequence of her pure and innate impulse had to be taken on with humiliation in exile. Arthur Dimmesdale imposed desolation upon himself. Dimmesdale was incapable and reluctant to openly make public his sin. He therefore continued to be troubled by his own shame and as a result felt inner isolation from the community. His secret also forbade him from being with Hester and his daughter, separating him from his family. Dimmesdale saw himself as an immoral person. He reprimanded himself with neglect and hunger. When Dimmesdale finally frees himself from guilt and shame by confessing to the public, he yields to illness and dies. Roger Chillingworth undergoes a masked and vague form of estrangement and seclusion. He is physically divorced from Hester and feared by the townspeople, who believed that he was evil. Chillingworth, obsessed with seeking Hester’s secret lover, became mentally detached from himself. He gradually loses his self to the devil. Impiety causes Chillingworth to ultimately withdraw from his prior self. He lived secluded in a world which he believed only holds bitterness and anger. The central characters in The Scarlet Letter manipulated and contributed to the theme of isolation through their personalities. They were secluded from one another, themselves and their community. Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth endured differtent types of alienation and isolation and to various degrees. Hester is segregated from society. Dimmesdale felt alone due to the secrecy of his sin. Chillingworth surrendered himself to evil and gradually withers away. Mad Shadows focuses on a family that live in a corrupt perception of true beauty and love. Louise, who only valued material possessions and outer beauty, disregarded her unsightly daughter while pampering her handsome son. Her shallowness planted a jealous seed in Isabelle-Marie preventing her from experiencing happiness. Patrice on the other hand lived in superficiality and never had a deeper meaning to life or himself. These characters are isolated from nature and each other consequently preventing true happiness. Isabelle-Marie was the unsightly daughter of Louise. Her appearance deemed her unworthy of her mother’s love and affection. Isabelle-Marie was assigned to work in the farms preoccupying her time and preventing her from socializing. She was separated from the family because of the way she looked. Patrice couldn’t sympathize with his sister due to his idiocy. Her mother’s mistreatment spawned hatred for herself. Isabelle-Marie was wrapped in jealousy preventing her from loving her brother. Insecurities inspired her to lie to her husband ultimately losing him in the end. She had a daughter, like her she was ugly and her lack of love and acceptance for herself prevented her for genuinely loving her child. After she took revenge on her unloving mother Isabelle-Marie was still unfulfilled, everything was gone except for her, soon after she took her life. Patrice was treated like a baby by his mother. His beauty was her possession and was the only thing she loved of him. Patrice never knew anybody but Louise. He felt no real love from his family and was never understood. His mother spoke for him, acted on his behalf, and thought for him. Patrice was detached from his true self for he did not need to ponder anything outside of his mother and his beauty. When Patrice’s face was disfigured he lost his mother’s love and was left in an asylum. Unable to cope with his loneliness he eventually escaped the asylum to go back to his mother, only to find the remains of his life burned. His upbringing kept his soul and purpose empty. Ultimately Patrice lived in a hollow shell. Louise was an empty and excessive doll. Her concerns were only of her trim body and Patrice’s beauty, which she saw as her own beauty. External beauty made her self-absorbed not allowing her to naturally love Isabelle-Marie. Her marriage to Lanz served as a union of two faded and shallow lovers. Lanz only saw Louise for her beauty and riches. Her demanding husband forced Louise to give less of herself to her son, driving a wedge between them. Louise’s incapability to naturally lover her children kept herself detached from them. In the end she died alone amongst her possessions. The family lived in an immoral world. Isabelle-Marie destroyed her life and family due to her self-loathing. She was not able to completely lover her daughter for she was her mirror. Patrice lived in a world without living. When everything he knew was in ruins, he found his soul and peace in the lake. Louise only loving material possession condemned her children lives. The main characters segregation from each other didn’t let them escape the feeling of loneliness in their present lives. Marie-Claire Blais and Nathaniel Hawthorne depicted the characters inner feelings of suffering and hurt through relentless loneliness and seclusion. Both authors used two different forms of estrangement, isolation and alienation. The central characters in both novels experience different settings of isolation, which they developed with their personalities. The Scarlet Letter emphasized the suffering of the characters in psychological aspect. Mad Shadows_ _focused on the shallowness of the heart. The main characters in both novels undergo a variety of changes which eventually sealed their fates. *Mad Shadows and The* Scarlet Letter Theme of isolation Agnes Palaganas April 8, 2010 ENG18Y1- James Meade Reference: Blais,Marie-Claire. Mad Shadows. This New Canadian Library:2008 Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. Penguin Books:2003 How to cite Mad Shadows and the Scarlet Letter, Papers

Tess vs Jane Eyre Essay Example

Tess vs Jane Eyre Essay The Comparison between Jane Eyre and Tess Jane Eyre and Tess, two famous literary characters in the Victorian Period, there are many similarities and diversities between them. It is very helpful to do the paper work through studying theirs similarities and diversities. 4. 1 The Comparison of theirs Background In Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre, the heroine’s family was very poor, and she lost both of her parents when she is very young, then she became an orphan girl and had to living rely on her aunt Mrs. Reed.Jane Eyre’s life was destitute, but she never lost her dignity, although her social background was very inferior in that snobbish capitalist community. She was come from the inferior classes of people, and it predestined that she will live through all sorts of unimaginable misery, but she was never conquered by the bitterness. Obviously she is very strong. Let’s see Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles. Tess, the novel’s heroine , was an absolute tragic character. She was also comes from the lower classes of people, like Jane Eyre.Under the author’s writing, Tess is a beautiful, innocent peasant girl, but her family was very poor. John Durbeyfield, her father and a guzzler, and her mother Joan was much attenuated. The poverty of the family forced Tess to claim kinship with the sham but rich D’Urbervilles. Alec, the young master of the D’Urbervilles, a dandy, pretended to be a kind man and had Tess in his care due to her beauty. At first, he made Tess to feed chickens in his house and treated her very well, but he seduced Tess and impregnated her only three months later.Then Tess’s horrible tragedies started. It is very simple to find several similarities and diversities between Jane Eyre and Tess’s background, these factors is very important to the research. In the first place, they have similar family situation, both of them was born in a poor family and had to live on re latives. They were all come from the lower classes and it determines that they were unavoidable to be oppressed by the rich men. However, Jane Eyre was ever studying in the school and then became a governess, but Tess was never had these experiences.As a well educated woman, Jane Eyre expressed a strong revolted spirit and pursued freedom, finally she won. On the contrary, Tess was weak and obedient in her character, she didn’t have any educational backgrounds, this factor determines which she could did nothing to the cruel fate but to bear; it is one important root of her later nightmare. In a word, Jane Eyre and Tess’s similar family condition decides their alike destiny, and their different cultural level determines their entirely different character, then causes their opposite ending. 4. The Comparison of theirs Character Jane Eyre is a poor but aspiring, small in body but huge in soul, obscure but self-respected girl. However, the girl who was small and fragile in physical struggled for her happiness, and longed for spirit free without hesitation. She is very kind and punctilious, in everybody’s eyes; Jane should be gratitude to her aunt for her kindness. However, Jane chose another way. These a series of matters embodies that Jane Eyre is a kind, rugged, punctilious and ambitious woman. By comparison to Jane Eyre, Tess is a weak woman in some sort.She is a pure, pretty and diligent peasant girl, she was struck by hypocrisy and evil while her dream of life’s truth and kindness. In Thomas Hardy’s ideal world, Tess is the symbol of beauty and the embodiment of love; she stands for all the good characters of the Wessex people: beautiful, pure, kind, plain, benevolent and tolerant. But these good characters cannot changes her dark destiny, she is very weak when her suffering of secular public opinion and traditional moral’s persecution. So after all, she is destroyed by the cruel capitalist world like a fragile flower .There are several obvious similarities and diversities between Jane Eyre and Tess’s character. Firstly, both of them are very kind and attractive, and these factors are theirs gifted wealth. But on the contrary, theirs difference in character is also very evident, Jane Eyre has a strong and punctilious heart, and she is never stop pursuing the true love and spiritual freedom. In her eyes, everybody on world is equal; she is even dared to love her male master and loudly claimed to him. â€Å"Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? —You think wrong! I have as much soul as you—and full as much heart! ——it is my spirit that addresses your spirit, just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God’s feet, equal—as we are! † (Bronte 308). The sharp shout expressed Jane Eyre’s inner voice, and made her getting her happiness in the end. However, it is very difficu lt to find these characters on Tess. She always cannot defeats the weakness of her self’s character, unlike Jane Eyre, Tess cannot dares to seek the beautiful dream and sweet love, she is even hesitant to accept Angel’s sincere love, all of these derives the source of her dark fate.In brief, Jane Eyre and Tess’s similar characters bring them true love, but their opposite characters make them to face the utterly different ending. 4. 3 The Comparison of theirs Life As a little girl, Jane Eyre had been a disobedient girl that her aunt disliked her fixedly and thoroughly. Jane should have had a happy family, but the disaster came without prophesy. Both her parents died of typhus fever when Jane was just a little child, so she was are sent to her aunt’s. At there, her cousins beat her, her aunt treated her hard. No one cared about her except a servant called Bessie.Jane wished for equal, but all of them told her that she was under obligations to her aunt and c ousins. At the age of ten, Jane Eyre had a chance to go to school; she was so happy that she could leave her aunt’s. But she soon found out that, the school was not as good as she thought it should be, but even worse than she could imagine. The girls worked for more than ten hours each day while bearing coldness and hunger, for the owner of the school didn’t offer enough food or clothes. Many of them died, and Jane lived on, stayed there for ten years, she was really tenacious of life.When she graduated, she refused the suggestion of becoming a teacher in her school, but intended to go into the world. She soon found a job in Thornfield as a governess; at there she met Mr. Rochester, her master. They got on well, and Jane helped Mr. Rochester a lot, then Jane found that she had fallen in love with him. When Mr. Rochester announced that he was going to be married with another young lady, Jane felt hurt; she packed her things in silence, and refused to remain when Mr. Roc hester asked her not to leave.She didn’t consider herself as servant, but she thought she and Mr. Rochester was equal, that’s why Mr. Rochester respected her. Living at moor house was another turning point in Jane’s life. At there she found her sisters and brother, which was the most treasure thing to her. But things were always changeable, to be the wife of Mr. River tortured her so much, what she knew was that Mr. River did not love her and would never love her, she was just a tool to him. At the same time, she still could not forget Mr. Rochester. As a result, leaving became the best way.It seemed that God liked to play tricks on her, for when she at last made it possible to return to Thornfield, she found that it was burnt and Mr. Rochester was blind. At last, after much suffering, Jane became Mr. Rochester’s bride, and they had a child—the fruit of their love. Overlooking some important passage of Jane’s life, she never forgot her faith —spirit free, which molded her a plain but glorious woman. Tess Durbeyfield is the peasant daughter of haggler John. She is partaking in a local dance with other girls when three young brothers wander along—Angel, Felix, and Cuthbert Clare.Angel wants to join in the dance, but his older brothers are basically a bit snobby about dancing with country girls, so Angel dances with all of the girls save for the pretty Tess, which he regrets, while she feels snubbed by him. When a local parson tells the rather vain John that he is actually the descendant of the D’Urbervilles, an old rich family, John goes to get drunk in celebration and ends up so hammered that he’s too ill to take some stuff which he has to sell in the horse and cart. He gets Tess and her little brother to do it instead.Tess falls asleep and the horse ends up in an accident and is killed. As a result, the overly sensitive Tess feels guilty not realizing it is really John’s fault. Meanwhi le her mother Joan has learned that a Lady D’Urberville lives in a neighboring village, she wants to send Tess to claim kin and learning that there is a master D’Urberville, has notions that Tess, being a beautiful girl, will marry him. Tess really doesn’t want to go but does out of guilt of the death of the horse. Alec, the young D’Urberville, is, to put it politely, a nasty sleazy git who needs to be castrated and lusts after Tess.Eventually he rapes Tess and she ends up pregnant. She goes home after Alec tries to buy her off. Not long after, Tess gets work at Talbothays, a large dairy farm a good way away from her home town, and she heads off there. This marks a happy spell in Tess’s life. She meets Angel Clare who had been at the spring dance. His father is a parson but Angel does not want to be involved in the church and is learning the ways of farming instead. They fall in love with each other, but Tess’s horrible experience and weak h aracter makes her cannot expresses anything to Angel’s love. â€Å"She was angry with herself afterwards, thinking that he, unaware of her grave reasons for liking this seclusion, might have mistaken her meaning. She had spoken so earnestly to him, as if his presence were somehow a factor in her wish† (Hardy 301). The above description reflects Tess’s hesitant idea. On their wedding night, Tess confesses to Angel the affair of Alec. Angel, himself a sinner who has had some affair with another woman, casts her off. Soon he leaves for Brazil.Tess in the meantime ends up working with some of her old dairymaid friends for a horrible farmer. She runs into Alec who accuses her of tempting him and guilt trips Tess into living with him, because her family is on the verge of homelessness and need the money. Having given up on Angel and realizing his hypocrisy, she agrees. Angel comes home from Brazil having realized the error of his ways and tracks Tess. On finding her, he learns that she thinks it’s too late for them. He takes off and Tess gets into a fight with Alec, which ends in her stabbing him.She runs after Angel, and they spend time together in an old mansion. After wandering the countryside for a while, Tess finds they are at Stonehenge, and feels at home, having been described as a heathen in her home village. She tells Angel that should she be caught she wants him to marry her sister Liza-Lu. The police catch up to her, and shortly after Tess is hanged. Jane Eyre and Tess’s life misfortune is very analogous, both of them are live in poverty, and they are all oppressed by the upper classes. However, theirs reaction to the dark life is different.Jane Eyre definitely chooses to strive against the unfair destiny and gets finally victory, but Tess is always conforms to the fate and bears the inhuman torture, at last, she is destroyed by the cruel capitalist society. 4. 4 The Comparison of theirs Ending Jane Eyre and Tess are two most famous characters in English literature, theirs life misfortune is very similar but the ending is utterly different. The social discrimination Jane experiences first as a dependent at her aunt’s house and later as a governess at Thornfield, and the false social convention as concerning love and marriage. At the same time, it is an intense moral fable.Jane, like Mr. Rochester, has to undergo a series of physical and moral tests to grow up and achieve her final happiness. But Tess, as a pure woman brought up with the traditional idea of womanly virtues, is abused and destroyed by both Alec and Angel, agents of the destructive force of the society. And the misery, the poverty and the heartfelt pain she suffers and her final tragedy give rise to a most bitter cry of protest and denunciation of the society. In a way, Tess seems to be led to her final destruction step by step by fate. Chapter 5 Conclusion After all the study, it’s time to get the conclusion in this pap er.First of all, Jane Eyre and Tess’s similarity is they’re all lived through a great deal of suffering, and the cause of these is the dark capitalist society, theirs misfortune is various of reflection of the capitalist society, it’s unavoidable. Secondly, Jane Eyre has defeated the fate and won her happiness but Tess was ruined by Alec and Angel, theirs different ending is concerned with the social background and the heroine’s character. It’s obvious to see that Jane Eyre’s rigidity on the seeking of happiness and freedom, she is such a stout woman and all of these could be due to her good educated experience.But beautiful Tess, she had not any good education but a weak character, her weak points and even her noble qualities bring her disaster. In some times, Tess was brave, and she has ever revolt to the traditional moral in some sort. However, she cannot entirely casted off the yoke of traditional moral; this point reflects her weak side of characters. When she was persecuted by secular public opinion and traditional moral, it’s very deplorable that she used this same moral standard to judge herself, and these things makes her tragedy more thick and more profound.Lastly, Jane Eyre’s love of freedom and equality, her belief and behavior on her defense of human dignity, reflects rising bourgeoisie’s request after the Industrial Revolution. The causes of Tess’s tragedy is due to her character, other person’s influence and social environment, and these factors are the reflection of Hardy’s thoughts on human nature, society and convention.

Definition and Examples of Structural Violence

Definition and Examples of Structural Violence Structural violence refers to any scenario in which a social structure perpetuates inequity, thus causing preventable suffering. When studying structural violence, we examine the ways that social structures (economic, political, medical, and legal systems) can have a disproportionately negative impact on particular groups and communities. The concept of structural violence gives us a way to consider how and in what forms these negative impacts occur, as well as what can be done to curtail such harm. Background The term structural violence was coined by the Johan Gultang, a Norwegian sociologist. In his 1969 article, â€Å"Violence, Peace, and Peace Research,† Gultang argued that structural violence explained the negative power of social institutions and systems of social organization among marginalized communities. It is important to distinguish Gultang’s concept of violence from the term as it is traditionally defined (physical violence of war or crime). Gultang defined structural violence as the root cause of the differences between people’s potential reality and their actual circumstances. For example, potential life expectancy in the general population might be significantly longer than the actual life expectancy for members of disadvantaged groups, due to factors like racism, economic inequality, or sexism. In this example, the discrepancy between the potential and the actual life expectancy results from structural violence. Significance of Structural Violence Structural violence enables more nuanced analyses of the social, cultural, political, economic, and historical forces that shape inequality and suffering. It creates an opportunity to consider seriously the role of different types of marginalization – such as sexism, racism, ableism, ageism, homophobia, and/or poverty – in creating lived experiences that are fundamentally less equal. Structural violence helps explain the multiple and often intersecting forces that create and perpetuate inequality on multiple levels, both for individuals and communities. Structural violence also highlights the historical roots of modern inequality. The inequities and suffering of our time often unfold within a broader history of marginalization, and this framework provides a critical context for understanding the present in terms of its relationship to the past. For instance, marginalization in post-colonial countries often connects closely with their colonial histories, just as inequality in the U.S. must be considered with respect to complex histories of slavery, immigration, and policy. Structural Violence and Health Today, the concept of structural violence is widely used in the fields of public health, medical anthropology, and global health. Structural violence is particularly useful for examining suffering and inequity in the sphere of health. It highlights the complex and overlapping factors that influence health outcomes, such as in the case of health disparities (or inequity) between different racial or ethnic communities in the U.S. or elsewhere. Paul Farmer’s research, writing, and applied work in the field of global health has brought significant attention to the concept of structural violence. An anthropologist and physician, Dr. Farmer has worked in this field for decades, using the lens of structural violence to show the connections between vast differences in wealth accumulation and related disparities in health care and outcomes around the world. His work emerges from the intersections of public health and human rights, and he is the Kolokotrones University Professor of Global Health and Social Medicine at Harvard University. Dr. Farmer co-founded Partners in Health, an international organization that aims to improve preventable negative health outcomes in disadvantaged – and disproportionately ill – communities. Why is it at some of the world’s poorest countries are also the sickest? The answer is structural violence. Farmer and Partners in Health began working in Haiti in the mid-1980s, but the organization has since expanded to multiple sites and projects around the world. Projects related to structural violence and health include: The aftermath of the 2010 earthquake in HaitiTuberculosis epidemics in Russian prisonsReconstructing Rwanda’s health care system after the 1994 genocideHIV/AIDS interventions in Haiti and Lesotho Structural Violence in Anthropology Many cultural and medical anthropologists are influenced by the theory of structural violence. Key anthropological texts on structural violence and health are: Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor (Paul Farmer)Death Without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil (Nancy Scheper-Hughes)Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies: Migrant Farmworkers in the United States (Seth Holmes)In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio (Philippe Bourgois) Structural violence is particularly prominent in medical anthropology, including the anthropology of global health. It has been used to analyze a variety of topics, including but not limited to substance abuse, migrant health, child mortality, womens health, and infectious disease. Sources Farmer, Paul. Haiti After the Earthquake. Public Affairs, 2011.Kidder, Tracy. Mountains Beyond Mountains: The Quest of Dr. Paul Farmer, a M an Who Would Cure the World. Random House, 2009.Rylko-Bauer, Barbara and Paul Farmer. Structural Violence, Poverty, and Social Suffering. The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Poverty. April 2017.Taylor, Janelle. Explaining Difference: Culture, Structural Violence, and Medical Anthropology. Office of Minority Affairs at Diversity, The University of Washington.

10 Grammatical Mistakes You Can Avoid When Speaking Spanish

10 Grammatical Mistakes You Can Avoid When Speaking Spanish Unless youre something other than human, theres no way to learn and use a foreign language without making your share of mistakes- and getting caught at it. With expectations that you would rather learn of your mistakes in the privacy of your home rather than being corrected, here are 10 fairly common Spanish grammatical errors, grouped in no particular order, that you should try to avoid. Key Takeaways Remember that Spanish and English, despite their similarities, dont always structure sentences in the same way.Short words- including prepositions- are more likely to trip you up than long ones.Mistakes are inevitable- just do your best, and native Spanish speakers are likely to appreciate your effort. Using Unnecessary Words Using buscar para instead of buscar to mean to look for. Buscar is best translated to seek, which like buscar is not followed by a preposition. Correct: Busco los dos libros. (I am looking for the two books.)Using un otro or una otra to mean another. The indefinite article isnt needed in Spanish. Neither is one needed before cierto, which can mean a certain. Correct: Quiero otro libro. (I want another book.) Quiero cierto libro. (I want a certain book.)Using un or una when stating someones occupation. The corresponding word, a or an, is required in English but not used in Spanish. Correct: No soy marinero, soy capitn. (I am not a mariner, I am a captain.)Wrongly using days of the week. Days of the week are usually used with the definite article (singular el or plural los), and it isnt necessary to say that an event happens on a certain day. Correct: Trabajo los lunes. (I work on Mondays.) Errors With Prepositions Ending a sentence in a preposition. Although some purists object, its quite common to end sentences in English with prepositions. But its a no-no in Spanish, so youll need to recast the sentence to make sure the prepositions object comes after the preposition. Correct:  ¿Con quià ©n puedo comer? (Whom can I eat with?)Using the wrong preposition. The prepositions of English and Spanish dont have one-to-one correspondence. Thus a simple preposition such as in in English might be translated not only as en but also as de (as in de la maà ±ana for in the morning), which typically is translated as of or from. Learning proper usage of prepositions can be one of the most challenging aspects of learning Spanish grammar. A lesson in prepositions is beyond the scope of this article, although you can study some of them here. Correct: Le compraron la casa a mi padre. (They bought the house from my father, or, depending on the context, they bought the house for my father) Es malo con su espos a. (He is mean to his wife.) Mi coche chocà ³ con su bicicleta. (My car ran into his bicycle.) Se vistià ³ de verde. (He dressed in green.) Other Grammatical Errors Wrongly using quien in relative clauses to mean who. In English, we say the car that runs but the boy who runs. In Spanish, we usually use que to mean both that and who. There are a few instances, beyond the scope of this lesson, in which quien can be used to mean who, but in many of them que can also be used, so que is usually the safer choice. Correct: Mi hija es alumna que estudia mucho. (My daughter is a student who studies a lot.)Forgetting to make the cientos portion of numbers feminine when required. We say cuatrocientos treinta y dos to say 432 to refer to a masculine noun but cuatrocientas treinta y dos when referring to a feminine noun. The distinction is easy to forget because of the distance between the number and the noun being referred to. Correct: Tengo quinientas diecisà ©is gallinas. (I have 516 hens.)Using possessive adjectives when referring to body parts and articles of clothing. In English, we usually refer to a persons body parts or clothing using possessive ad jectives. But in Spanish, the definite article (el or la) is used when the person to whom the body part or item belongs to is obvious. Correct:  ¡Abre los ojos! (Open your eyes!) El hombre se puso la camisa. (The man put on his shirt.) Avoiding those redundancies that are required in Spanish but would be incorrect in English. As noted in this lesson, a redundant indirect object is sometimes required, and as this lesson points out, double (or even triple!) negatives are sometimes needed. Correct: Juan le da una camisa a à ©l. (John is giving a shirt to him.) No dijo nada. (He said nothing.)